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Entrepreneurship
 
Entrepreneurship has different meanings among the experts or sources of reference for different gravity and emphasis. Richard Cantillon (1775), for example, defines entrepreneurship as the work itself (self-employment). [Citation needed] An entrepreneur buy now and sell at a certain price on the future price uncertainty. [Citation needed] Thus the definition more emphasis on how a person at risk or uncertainty. [citation needed] Unlike other experts, according to Penrose (1963) indentfikasi entrepreneurial activities include opportunities in the economic system while according to Harvey Leibenstein (1968, 1979) includes entrepreneurial activities required to create or implement company when all the market yet or have not been clearly identified, or component production largely unknown function [citation needed] and, according to Peter Drucker, entrepreneurship is the ability to create something new and different. People who undertake entrepreneurial activities are called entrepreneurs. [Citation needed] The question arises why an entrepreneur (entrepreneur) has a different way of thinking of the people in general. They have the motivation, vocation, perceptions and emotions are strongly related to the values, attitudes and behavior as superhuman.Table of contents

    1 Etymology
    2 History of entrepreneurship
    3 The process of entrepreneurship
    4 The characteristics and nature of entrepreneurship
    5 Stages of entrepreneurship
        5.1 Phase start
        5.2 Phase conducting business
        5.3 Phase retain business
        5.4 entrepreneurial attitude
    6 Failure Factors in Entrepreneurship
    7 Role of Entrepreneurship in National Economy
    8 References
    9 External links
Etymology
Entrepreneurs have historically been known since it was introduced by Richard Castillon in 1755. [Citation needed] In other countries, the term entrepreneurship has been known since the 16th century, while in Indonesia, was unknown at the end of the 20th century. [Citation needed] Some terms such as entrepreneur in the Netherlands dikenadengan ondernemer, in Germany known as unternehmer. [citation needed] Entrepreneurship education started since the 1950s in some countries such as Europe, America, and Canada. [citation needed] In fact, since the 1970's many universities that teach entrepreneurship or small business management . [citation needed] In the 1980s, nearly 500 schools in the United States providing entrepreneurship education. [citation needed] In Indonesia, a new study of entrepreneurship is limited to some particular school or college course. [citation needed] In line with the developments and challenges such as the economic crisis, understanding entrepreneurship both through formal education and training at all levels of society to flourish entrepreneurship. [citation needed]The entrepreneurial process
According to Carol Noore cited by Bygrave, the entrepreneurial process begins with the innovation. [Citation needed] The innovation dipengeruhi by various factors both from private individuals and outside, such as education, sociology, organizational, cultural and environmental. [Citation needed] These factors form the'' locus of control'', creativity, keinovasian, implementation, and growth then berkembangan be a great entrepreneur. [citation needed] Internally, keinovasian influenced by factors that rise from the individual, such as locus of control, tolerance, values, education, experience. While environmental factors that influence comes from such role models, activities, and opportunities. [Citation needed] Therefore, innovation evolved into entrepreneurship through a process that is influenced environment, organizations, and families. [Citation needed]The characteristics and nature of entrepreneurship
In order to achieve the desired objectives, then everyone needs characteristics and also has properties in entrepreneurship. The characteristics of an entrepreneur is:

    Confident
    Task-oriented and results
    Risk takers
    Leadership
    Originality
    Oriented to the future
    Honest and diligent
The properties of an entrepreneur is:

    Has the nature of confidence, independence, individuality, optimism.
    Always strive to excel, profit-oriented, had persistence and fortitude, have a strong determination, hardworking, energetic ddan own initiative.
    Having the ability to take risks and like the challenge.
    Behave as a leader, can get along with others and likes to suggestions and constructive criticism.
    It has a high innovation and creativity, flexible, versatile and has an extensive business network.
    Perception and perspective-oriented future.
    Have the same belief that life is hard work.
The stages of entrepreneurship
In general, do entrepreneurs stages:Phase start
Stage in which a person who intends to conduct business prepare everything necessary, begins by looking at the new business opportunities that may be whether to open a new business, make acquisitions, or franchising''''. [Citation needed] This also choose the type of business be done whether in agriculture, industry or services. [citation needed]Phase conducting business
In this stage of an entrepreneur managing various aspects related to its business, including the following aspects: finance, HR, property, organization, leadership include how to take risks and make decisions, marketing, and evaluation. [Citation needed]Phase retain business
Stage where entrepreneurs based on the results that have been achieved to analyze progress achieved to be followed in accordance with the conditions encountered. [Citation needed]

    Stages of business development
Stage where if the results obtained are classified as positive or has developed or can withstand the expansion of the business into one of the possible options. [Citation needed]

Entrepreneurial attitude
From the list of character traits and characteristics of an entrepreneur in the above, we can identify the attitude of an entrepreneur that can be removed from the day-to-day activities, as follows:

    Discipline
In conducting its activities, an entrepreneur must have a high discipline. [Citation needed] The meaning of the word discipline itself is the entrepreneur's commitment to accuracy, and job duties. [Citation needed] The accuracy is meant to be comprehensive, the accuracy of time, quality of work, the system work and so on. [citation needed] The accuracy of the time, can be fostered within oneself by trying to complete the work within the time planned. [citation needed] The nature of the job often put off for various reasons, are obstacles that can hinder an entrepreneur's success. [citation needed] The discipline of the commitment to quality of work can be fostered by obedience entrepreneur commitment. [citation needed] The entrepreneur must obey the principle. [citation needed] This would be achieved if the entrepreneur has a high discipline of the working system that has been set. [citation needed] Obedience entrepreneur going to agreements made are examples of the quality of the work and discipline of the work system. [citation needed]

    High Commitment
Commitment is an agreement on something that is made by a person, either to himself or others. [Citation needed] In conducting its activities, an entrepreneur must have a clear commitment, purposeful and progressive (oriented in progress). [Citation needed] Commitment against itself can be made with the identification of goals, expectations and planned targets in his life. [citation needed] As an example of an entrepreneur's commitment to others, especially their customers excellent service is oriented to customer satisfaction, quality product in accordance with the price of the product offered, the solution to the problems of consumers, and entrepreneurs sebagainya.Seorang terhadapkonsumen steadfast to its commitment, will have a good name in the eyes of the consumers who ultimately entrepreneurs will gain the trust of consumers, the impact of increased purchases and eventually reached the target company that makes a profit expected. [citation needed]

    Honest
Honesty is a moral foundation that is sometimes overlooked by entrepreneurs. [Citation needed] Honesty in behavior is complex. [Citation needed] Honesty about the characteristics of products (goods and services) offered, honesty about the promotion done, honesty about the after-sales service promised and honesty on all activities related to the sale of products made olehwirausahawan. [citation needed]

    Creative and Innovative
To win the competition, an entrepreneur must have the power of creativity. [Citation needed] The creative power should be guided by a forward thinking, full of new ideas that are different from the products that have been around for this on the market. [ citation needed] creative ideas that generally can not be limited by space, time or form. [citation needed] In fact sometimes ideas yangmemberikan genius breakthroughs in the world of business originally was based on the creative ideas that seem impossible. [ citation needed]

    Mandiri
Someone said to be "independent" if the person wishes to do well without any dependence on other parties dalammengambil decision or action, including earning his living, without any dependence on others. [Citation needed] The independence of an absolute nature that must be owned by an entrepreneur. [citation needed] In principle, an entrepreneur must have an independent attitude in meeting its business. [citation needed]

    Realistic
Someone said if the person is able to realistically use facts / reality as the basis for rational thinking in decision-making and actions / deeds. [Citation needed] Many a would-be entrepreneurs with high potential, but ultimately a failure as an entrepreneur is not only realistic, objective and rational decision-making in business. [citation needed] Because it takes intelligence in the selection of the input / brainstorming existing close links with the level of success of the business is being piloted. [citation needed]Failure Factors in Entrepreneurship
According to Zimmerer (in Suryana, 2003: 44-45) there are several factors that cause entrepreneurs fail to execute its new business:

    Managerial incompetence.
Incompetent or do not have the skills and knowledge to manage the business is the main factor that makes the company less successful.

    Less well versed in the ability to coordinate, human resource management skills, and ability to integrate the operations of the company.
    Lack of financial control. For the company to do well, the most important factor in the financial statements is maintaining cash flow. Setting expenditures and receipts carefully. Fallacy maintain operating cash flow has resulted in the company and the company is not smooth.
    Failed in planning.
Planning is the starting point of an activity, once the plan fails it will have difficulty in implementation.

    The location was less than adequate.
Strategic business location is a factor that determines the success of the business. Strategic location could result in the company not difficult to operate due to less efficient.

    Lack of surveillance equipment.
Supervision is closely related to efficiency and effectiveness. Lack of supervision resulted in the use of inefficient and ineffective.

    Attitudes are less earnest in trying.
Attitudes half the effort will lead efforts become unstable and fail. With a half-hearted attitude, the possibility of failure becomes large.

    Inability to make the transition / transition entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs who are less prepared to face and make changes, it will not be a successful entrepreneur. Success in entrepreneurship can only be obtained when the bold change and able to make the transition each time.Entrepreneurial Role In National Economy
An entrepreneurial role both internally and externally. Internally an entrepreneurial role in reducing the level of dependence on others, increased confidence, and increase the purchasing power of the culprit. Externally, an entrepreneur instrumental in providing employment opportunities for job seekers. With the absorption of labor by employment opportunities provided by an entrepreneur, the national unemployment rate be reduced.
The decline in the unemployment rate affect the rising per capita income and purchasing power, and the growth of the national economy. In addition, it also has implications for declining crime rate that is usually caused because of high unemployment.
An entrepreneur has a very big role in making entrepreneurship. The role of entrepreneurship in the economy of a country is:

    Create jobs
    Reducing unemployment
    Increasing income
    Combining the factors of production (natural, labor, capital and expertise)
    Increasing national productivity