computer
Computers are tools used to process data in accordance with procedures that have been formulated. The word computer was originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without the tools, but the meaning of the word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics.
In the sense that there are tools such as slide rules, mechanical calculators types ranging from abacus and so on, until all contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited for a broad sense as "computer" is "that process information" or "information-processing system." Over the years there have been several different meanings in the word "computer", and a few different words are now called called a computer.
The word computer was once commonly used to define people who perform arithmetic calculations, with or without auxiliary engine. According to the Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word is used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" then towards 1897 are also used as a "mechanical calculators". During World War II, the word refers to the workers of the United States and British women who work to calculate the artillery war with the machine count.
Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine. In addition, various machine tools as simple as a slide rule also has to be said as a computer.
Personal computer parts.
1: Monitor
2: Board parent
3: Processing
4: Slot ATA
5: Random Access Memory (MAA)
6: PCI Slot
7: Power Supply
8: The optical disc
9: hard discs
10: Keyboard
11: Mouse
Type
Embedded Computers
In about 20 years ago, many household items, including particularly the panel of video games but also includes mobile phones, video cassette recorders, PDAs and more all in household, industrial, automotive, and other electronic devices, all containing electronic circuitry such as qualified computer Turing-complete on (note that the program of the tool is often made directly in the ROM chip that will need to be replaced to change the engine program). Other special purpose computers commonly known as the "microcontroller" or "embedded computers" (embedded computer). Therefore, many of which limit the definition of a computer to the device that is essentially the purpose of processing information, rather than being part of a larger system such as telephones, microwave ovens, or aircraft, and may be changed for a variety of purposes by the user without physical modification. The main frame computers, minicomputers, and personal computers (PC) is a kind of main computer got this definition.The personal computerThe main article for this section are: Personal Computers
The personal computer or personal computer (PC) is a term for a computer that is known and unknown people in general, so many people are not familiar with the forms of other computers. Only certain people are using this term exclusively to indicate terms that are more specific and precise.How a computer works
Current technology used in digital computers has changed dramatically since the first computers in the 1940's (see History of the hardware count for more detail), most computers still use the von Neumann architecture, which was proposed in the early 1940s by John von Neumann .
Von Neumann architecture describes a computer with four main sections: Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU), control unit, memory, and input and output devices (collectively termed I / O). These parts are interconnected by wire bundle, "bus"MemoryRAM memory module
In this system, memory is a numbered sequence of bytes (like "cell" or "pigeon hole"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do. Cells may contain data that computers need to perform a command. Each slot may contain one, and what is now the data might then become orders.
Memory stores various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be solved in the form of binary (encoded) with a number of instructions that convert it into a number or sequence of numbers. For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one of the methods of solving. More complex instructions could be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information. The information can be stored in a single sell is called a byte.
In general, the memory can be rewritten over a million times - the memory can be likened to the blackboard and chalk that can be written and erased again, rather than a legal pad with a pen that can not be removed.
The size of each cell, and the cell number, great change from computer to computer, and technology in manufacturing has changed a great memory - from electromechanical relays, to a tube filled with mercury (and later spring) in which acoustic pulses are formed, to the matrix of permanent magnets, to individual transistors, to integrated circuits with millions of transistors on a single silicon chip.Processing
Central Processing Unit or CPU (Central Processing Unit) serves to process the order given by computer users, managing shared data on the computer. Unit or processing devices will also communicate with the device input, output and storage to carry out instructions to each other.Image: CPU with pins.jpgExample of a CPU in the box Ball Grid Array (BGA) displayed upside down by showing legs.
In the original von Neumann architecture, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit, and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the second unit is located in a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is usually called a CPU (Central Processing Unit).
Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs basic implementation such as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of the logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of comparison (eg, compare the content as much as two slots for equality). In this unit do "work" really is.
The control unit stores the current command is done by a computer, instruct the ALU to carry out and get back information (from memory) required to carry out the order, and move back the results to the appropriate memory location. This unit controls the reading of instructions a computer program.Input and output
I / O allows a computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, can take the form of physical (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are various tools I / O, from the familiar keyboard, monitor and disk drive, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on.
Owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (convert) information of a kind to the data can be further processed by a digital computer system. The tool output, decode the data into information that can be understood by the computer user. In this sense, a digital computer system is an example of a data processing system.Instructions
The commands discussed above are not commands like human language. The computer only has a limited number of simple commands well formulated. Common commands that are understood most computers are "copy the contents of cell 123, and a replica in cell 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in cell 013", and "if the contents of cell 999 is 0, the next command you in cell 345 ".
Instructions are represented as numbers in a computer - code for "copying" may be 001, for example. A set of commands that is supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people usually do not write orders for computers directly in machine language but use the programming language "high level" which is then translated into machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages closely related to machine language, such as assembler (low level language), on the other hand, languages like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from the actual details of the implementation of the machine (high level language)Architecture
Contemporary computers put the ALU and control unit in a single integrated circuit, known as the Central Processing Unit or CPU. Typically, computer memory is placed on top of some small integrated circuit near UPS. Tools that occupies most of the space in the computer is ancilliary systems (eg, to provide electricity) or device I / O.
Some larger computers differ from the above model in one major thing - they have some UPS and control units working simultaneously. What's more, some of the computers, which are used mostly for the purpose of research and scientific computing, is significantly different from the above model, but they have found little commercial use.
The function of the computer is actually quite simple in principle. Computer reaching commands and data from memory. Command is done, the results are stored, and the latter is achieved. This procedure is repeated until the computer shuts down.Program
The computer program is a list of commands to be performed by a computer, perhaps with the data in the table. Many computer programs contain millions of orders, and many of the commands are executed repeatedly. A common modern personal computers (in 2003) could have done about 2-3 billion in the second command. Computers do not get their amazing capabilities through the ability to perform complex commands. However, they do millions of simple commands arranged by clever programmers. "Good programmers develop sets of commands to perform common tasks (eg, draw a dot on the screen) and then make command sets available to other programmers." Today, most computers seem to do multiple programs at once. This is usually referred to as a double duty. In fact, the unit performs a command from one program, then after a while, the UPS switches to the second program and do some instructions. Small distance of time is often referred to as a time slice (time-slice). It raises imaginary double folding program conducted in conjunction with UPS deliver time between courses. This is similar to how the film is a series of lightning just still frame. The operating system is a program that usually dominate this time shareThe operating system
The operating system is a kind of combination of useful code snippets. As a kind of computer code can be used together by diverse computer program, after many years, programmers (programmers) finally move into the operating system.
The operating system, determines which programs will run, when, and where the tools (such as memory or I / O) that they use. The operating system also provides the service (service) to other programs, such as code that allows programmers to write programs to a machine without needing to know the details of all electronic devices connected to the computer.The use of computersThe kids are learning with the teacher's computer use.
The first digital computer, has a large size and costly to manufacture. Computers are commonly used at that time to do scientific calculations. ENIAC, the U.S. early computers originally designed to account for ballistics tables for weapons (artillery), compute density neutron cross-section to see if the hydrogen bomb would work properly (this calculation, conducted in December 1945 and January 1946 and involved dala in more than one million punch cards, and then show the form under consideration would fail). CSIR Mk 1/CSIRAC, Australia's first computer, evaluated rainfall patterns for the shelter of the Snowy Mountains, a large Hydroelectric generation projects. It is also used in cryptanalysis, for example, the first digital electronic computer, Colossus, built during World War II. However, early visionaries also thought that it would allow programming to play chess, moving images and other uses.
The people in the government and large corporations also use computers to automate a large collection of data and tasks that were previously done by humans - for example, maintaining and updating accounts and inventory. In the field of education, scientists in various fields started using computers for their own analysis. Decline in computer prices allow them to be used by smaller organizations. Businesses, organizations, and governments often use very many small computers to accomplish tasks that used to be performed by the main frame computers were expensive and bulky. Collection of smaller computers in one location referred to as a server farm.
With the invention of the microprocessor in the 1970s, became possible to produce very inexpensive computers. PCs are becoming popular for many tasks, including storing books, write and print documents. Repetitive calculations and other mathematical forecasting with lembatang spread, dealing with e-mail and, the Internet. However, the widespread availability of computers and easy customization've seen them used for many other purposes.
Simultaneously, a small computer, usually with a programming, began to find their way into other devices such as home appliances, cars, airplanes, and industrial supplies. This one embedded processor controlled behavior such tools easier, allowing more complex control behavior (for events, development of anti-lock brakes on a car). At the beginning of the twentieth century, most electrical devices, most forms of powered transportation, and most limits plant production in addition to computer controlled. Most engineers tend to predict that this will continue.Computer parts
The computer consists of two major parts of software (software) and hardware (hardware).Hardware
Processor or CPU as the data processing unit
RAM memory, which store data temporarily
Hard drive, semi-permanent storage media
Input devices, media used to input data to be processed by the UPS, such as mouse, keyboard, and tablet
The device output, the media used to display the output of CPU processing, such as monitors, speakers, plotters, projectors and printers
Software
The operating system
Basic program on a computer that connects users with computer hardware. The operating system used is Linux, Windows, and Mac OS. Duties include operating systems (but not only) set of program execution on it, coordination of input, output, processing, memory, and software installation.
The computer program
An additional application installed in accordance with its operating system
Slot on the computer
ISA / PCI add-in card slots to input non-graphical
AGP / PCIe slot for additional graphics card input
IDE / SCSI / SATA, slots for hard drives / ODD
USB media input slots for plug-and-play (plug and play, meaning that devices can be connected directly to a computer and can be used)
Types of computers
Analog computer
Computer pulse
Microcomputers
Home computers (home computer)
The personal computer (PC)
Server
Minicomputer
Mainframe computer
Supercomputers
